Introduction

Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major risk factor for cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear in the cervical tissue. Over time, the abnormal cells may become cancer cells and start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding areas.

Risk factors

• Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). This is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer.
• Being exposed to the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) while in the mother's womb.
• In women who are infected with HPV, the following risk factors add to the increased risk of cervical cancer:
• Giving birth to many children.
• Smoking cigarettes.
• Using oral contraceptives ("the Pill") for a long time.
• Being infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• Taking medicine to help prevent organ rejection after a transplant.
• Being sexually active at a young age.
• Having many sexual partners.

Signs and symptoms

• Vaginal bleeding (including bleeding after sexual intercourse).
• Unusual vaginal discharge.
• Pelvic pain.
• Pain during sexual intercourse.

Causes

Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do.

Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. The mutations tell the cells to grow and multiply out of control, and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass (tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread (metastasize) elsewhere in the body.

Types of cervical cancer

The type of cervical cancer that you have helps determine your prognosis and treatment. The main types of cervical cancer are:

Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cervical cancer begins in the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) lining the outer part of the cervix, which projects into the vagina. Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.

Adenocarcinoma: This type of cervical cancer begins in the column-shaped glandular cells that line the cervical canal.

Diagnosis

• Physical exam and health history
• Pelvic exam
• Pap test
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) test
• Endocervical curettage
• Colposcopy
• Biopsy

Stages of cervical cancer

After cervical cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the cervix or to other parts of the body.

    There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.

    Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.

    Abnormal cells may form in the lining of the cervix (carcinoma in situ).

    The following stages are used for cervical cancer:

• Stage I
• Stage II
• Stage III
• Stage IV

Treatment

Five types of standard treatment are used:

• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy

Conclusion

The Journal will publish original articles, reviews, technical notes, editorials, news and views (commentaries, science policy issues, ethical and legal issues, patient organizations, industry needs and alliances, regulatory issues, etc.), and letters to the editor.

The journal invites different types of articles including original research article, review articles, short note communications, case reports, Editorials, letters to the Editors and expert opinions & commentaries from different regions for publication.

A standard editorial manager system is utilized for manuscript submission, review, editorial processing and tracking which can be securely accessed by the authors, reviewers and editors for monitoring and tracking the article processing. Manuscripts can be uploaded online at Editorial Tracking System (https://www.longdom.org/editorial-tracking/publisher.php) or forwarded to the Editorial Office at  https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/molecular-oncology-research.html

 The Journals includes around 150Abstracts and 100 Keynote speakers have given their valuable words. The meet has provided a great scope for interaction of professionals including in addition to clinical experts and top-level pathologists and scientists from around the globe, on a single platform.

Media Contact:

ALPINE

Managing Editor

Journal of Molecular Oncology Research

Email: moloncol@alliedjournals.org