Phlebitis and its pathophysiology

Phlebitis may occur with or without a blood clot. It can affect surface or deep veins. When caused by a blood clot, it's called thrombophlebitis. Trauma to the vein, for instance from an intravenous catheter, is a possible cause.

Symptoms include redness, warmth and pain in the affected area.

Treatments may include a warm compress, anti-inflammatory medication, compression stockings and blood thinners.

Phlebitis (fle-BYE-tis) means inflammation of a vein. Thrombophlebitis is due to one or more blood clots in a vein that cause inflammation. Thrombophlebitis usually occurs in leg veins, but it may occur in an arm or other parts of the body.

Mechanical phlebitis. Mechanical phlebitis occurs where the movement of a foreign object (cannula) within a vein causes friction and subsequent venous inflammation.

Chemical phlebitis. Chemical phlebitis is caused by the drug or fluid being infused through the cannula and Infective phlebitis.

In general, superficial phlebitis of the upper and lower extremities can be treated by applying warm compresses, elevation of the involved extremity, encouraging ambulation (walking), and oral anti-inflammatory medications (ibuprofen [Motrin, Advil], diclofenac [Voltaren, Cataflam, Voltaren-XR], etc.).

To diagnose phlebitis, your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about any symptoms you have. He or she may also order diagnostic tests, such as an ultrasoundor blood tests.

Phlebitis is when you have swelling in your veins. Call your doctor if you have swelling, pain, and inflamed veins on the surface of your arms or legs. If you're not better in a week or two or if it gets any worse, get re-evaluated to make sure you don't have a more serious condition.

There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin. A long, thin red area may be seen as the inflammation follows a superficial vein. This area may feel hard, warm, and tender.

In most cases, superficial thrombophlebitis goes away on its own after a few weeks. If needed, we can encourage healing with: Oral or topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Exercise.

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Journal of  Biochemistry and Biotechnology