Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is the most severe clinical form of a spectrum of neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Caused mainly by L. donovani and L. infantum/chagasi, HVL accounts for more than 50 000 deaths every year. Drug therapy is available but costly, and resistance against several drug classes has evolved. L. donovani has an anthroponotic cycle (e.g. in India where HVL is known locally as kala azar). Patients treated and cured for HVL caused by L. donovani may subsequently develop post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), characterized by nodular skin lesions in which parasites can be detected. Multidrug treatments have been investigated in systematic clinical studies and are now recommended as a new treatment approach for visceral leishmaniasis. However, the range of available drugs is still limited. Regional differences in response rates to anti‐leishmanial available drugs as well as treatment of post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis, a complication of visceral leishmaniasis, are examples of the continued need for improved treatments for visceral leishmaniasis.

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